Replacing upholstery webbing reddit sofa. It's not springs and it's not webbing.

Replacing upholstery webbing reddit sofa Likely don’t even need to replace the cushion covers yet. After my initial research, I've seen jute webbing recommended (as it's stronger than elastic webbing). I have purchased elastic webbing, seatbelt style webbing and jute. I’m now considering replacing our upstairs Article sofas with similar looking Kavuus which will easily last 20+ years. Then just reverse the steps to reattach. When I look up "upholstery strap hooks" they only have one prong instead of two. Normally, having a separate cushion is preferred as you can flip the cushion and it is easier to replace the foam. Install New Webbing. 49 $ 32 . We're going to call some places Monday to see if they even do 8 way ties at all or just how much re-webbing would be. I am going to buy from Foam Factory and get either their HD36 High Quality foam (ILD of 36) or their Lux foam (firmer, ILD of 50). With Confidence to order this commerical grade elastic webbing made of quality polyester and big size rubber latex thread,very thick,strong elasticity and sturdy. If it's the smell you're concerned about you can replace the webbing, but you can't omit it. Theres usually multiple ways to accomplish projects based on skill and tool sets. 99 $ 21 . Skip to main content. Look on amazon for 2 inch wide chair webbing, there are less expensive alternative to the rubber. There are tons of YouTube videos. They're 2 cells filled with fiber-down. 50 + vat per metre, beige or black per metre or 50m rolls, Elasticated Webbing by the metre or 4 roll lengths Then you can flip the leather off the seat cushions and replace the foam and dacron as needed. The couch has a layer of loose webbing, batting and then polypropylene fabric over everything. 59 0:39 Sep 28, 2019 · House2Home Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture, Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch Supports for Sagging Cushions, 3 Inch Wide by 60 Foot Roll 10% Stretch Elastic Chair Webbing Replacement 76 $31. I reupholstered a chair with dried out cracked webbing and it turned out great with the stuff on amazon. Probably more than you need to do I'm replacing the cushions on my used sofa. 4 out of 5 stars 975 May 9, 2021 · About this item . High quality 2"(5cm) latex rubber webbing, Indoor Usage,suitable for all upholstery seat / chair applications. Dec 7, 2017 · Houseables Upholstery Webbing, Chair Webbing, Elastic Webbing, 2 Inch, 40 FT Roll, Furniture Webbing, Upholstery Webbing for Chairs, Lawn Chair Webbing, Webbing for Lawn Chairs, Replacement, Repair 4. Repair Your Damaged Furniture on a Budget . Get it as soon as Tuesday I have some new herringbone webbing, and I am thinking of placing around 4 strips horizontally. Jute webbing has long been the most 86K subscribers in the upholstery community. This sofa needs to be mostly taken apart to get to those cushions, and the webbing is probably very fatigued and could use tightening or replacing and certainly has half the amount of webs that is needed or that a professional would have installed who is not working in a factory. ADMIN MOD replacing I always tell people to assume 500 for a chair and 1000 for a loveseat couch. Hope this helps 87K subscribers in the upholstery community. I tried prying open one from the sofa with a screwdriver and it won't budge. I get how to staple and stretch webbing to the bottom of a normal squared off bottom frame. PO replaced webbing with plywood board and the furniture was so uncomfortable no matter how thick the foam cushions were. The actual foam cushions you sit on go on top of this piece. Oct 4, 2020 · About this item . Have NO idea about the stuff used in place of webbing and springs. Pirelli webbing is stated to have 10% stretch. I know it’s a lot, but I will always encourage every person to replace foam. b. It didn't just slip off they actually torn so they can no longer attach. Just cause you saw it on Youtube doesn't mean its the right way to do it. I am assuming your setup has a side that is not “open” (where the back cushion is), start there and put a line of staples right beside each other on the raw edge facing you, flip the webbing and do another line across the edge with the webbing coming towards you. But if we just need to redo the jute webbing, that seems doable. We recently did a sofa for someone and it was about this quality. On YouTube you will find lots of videos showing you the knots etc. Carefully try to slide out the plastic spline; you can also razor it out but try not to break it bc a new hank of it costs about 25. I really don't want a saggy couch, nor do I want to need to replace the webbing again in 4-5 years (It's only 5 years old). com: PBRO Sofa Elastic Webbing Stretch Latex Band Furniture Repair DIY Upholstery Modification Elasbelt Chair Couch Material Replacement Stretchy Spring Alternative Three Inch 3" Wide x Forty Ft 60" Roll : Home & Kitchen This is a great alternative for rubber webbing, but is not recommend for Henry Link furniture. But I have gotten 2 free mid century couches and one for $245. Here's what he used and what I started with: tack hammer - you can use tacks instead of staples, if you want to avoid the initial investment in an air compressor and staple gun webbing stretcher Posted by u/Fisher2470 - 20 votes and 1 comment Discussion among Autobody enthusiasts, anyone wanting to become more aware of processes and what it takes to fix automobiles. 5 out of 5 stars 8 1 offer from £999 £ 9 99 I would definitely tie the springs a bit, even if they weren’t originally tied. The current cushions are pretty dead so if you sit down too hard, it can be a bit jarring. Replacing the buttons isn't too hard. 74 $ 16. I am indeed trying to just redo the webbing as opposed to redoing absolutely everything. We replaced all the foam with better grade foam, actually replaced everything, the webbing (we used way more then the factory and a better grade, we replaced the super thin cardboard on the arms (you can probably feel the individual boards on the top of the arm) even added some supporting boards where it seemed structurally a House2Home Metal End Clips for Rubber Webbing, Upholstery Repair for Sofa Chair Furniture, Includes Instructions (20 Pack) $9. Because there isn't enough support, the decking fabric is taking too much strain, that's why it has ripped. 6 out of 5 stars 389 1 offer from ₹3,58800 ₹ 3,588 00 YLM1991 Upholstery Webbing Chair Couch Material Replacement,Elastic Webbing Latex Band, Stretchy Spring Alternative, Furniture Repair DIY Elasbelt 2" Wide (10m/32ft) $21. a. Next, weave the sofa’s frame with new elastic webbing and secure it by using a stapler. Nov 24, 2024 · Webbing or straps provide foundational support beneath the cushions. Replacing with leather (already purchased). Follow along in this easy STEP-BY-STEP tutorial where I show you how to apply furniture webbing like a pro and take your projects to the next level! Oct 14, 2021 · Repairing or replacing couch webbing straps can give a beloved old sofa a new lease on life. Sep 29, 2020 · Upholstery for Furniture Repair and Modification, Stretchy Spring Alternative, Sofa, Couch, Chair . If it looks (or feels) like it is coming apart, replace what is needed. com: Homend 40' Length Sofa Elastic Webbing Stretch Band Furniture Repair DIY Upholstery Modification Elasbelt Chair Couch Material Replacement Stretchy Spring Alternative (3" Wide x 40' Length) : Home & Kitchen Apr 7, 2017 · The whole point of having tensioned webbing is that it provides support to whatever you put on top, be it springs or hessian and coir stuffing. We welcome posts about "new tool day", estate sale/car boot sale finds, "what is this" tool, advice about the best tool for a job, homemade tools, 3D printed accessories, toolbox/shop tours. Things fall apart and today’s young homeowners (or renter) are often placed in that frustrating position between having their damaged goods repaired and replacing them altogether. Apr 13, 2023 · NATGAI Sofa Elastic Webbing, 40ft Chair Webbing, Stretch Latex Band for Furniture Repair DIY Upholstery Modification Elasbelt Chair Couch Material Replacement Stretchy Spring Alternative (3 Stripes) Share: The clips that broke were screwed onto the top of the wood frame before the upholstery was done. Less confident in the structural furniture elements, though! If the springs are in bad shape, is it possible to replace them with webbing? Yes, lawn chair webbing should work. The tighter the webbing the actual more comfortable it will be (webbing is weird). No. You work from the front, do fabric (face backwards), Dacron, backing material, foam, Dacron, fabric (face forward), trim. I always use some type of webbing, otherwise the face fabric will have nothing to support it from hits and kicks and little dogs bumping into it. So I would say no to that as You would usually use jute webbing or some backing board (it’s like a super thick, non-corrugated cardboard used in upholstery). Posted by u/stanley_morgan - 1 vote and 1 comment Get it from a upholstery supply company, I had to get it from Amazon once during all the lockdowns and the quality was so poor I couldn’t use it. Eventually the material of your furniture will become overstretched, saggy, and threadbare. Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Go to upholstery r/upholstery. Just needs burlap on top, then whatever cushioning materials, then top fabric. Jun 12, 2020 · DUPDMKIN Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch 40ft 2. The rubber webbing on my gondola-style sofa had perished. Or same info and go on Amazon, upholstery flat springs replacement. Loosen the bolts on the sides to release the tension. Leave enough webbing to fold over and staple/tack through a second time. . Maybe double up on the dacron. How to find replacement cost to the mattress over cab? It’s not a regular mattress, it has a thick fabric over it and part of it comes off completely to remove for head space in the cab. A heavy-duty staple remover is your best friend when replacing worn couch webbing. I'm a garment sewer and quilter, but I am confident in my box cushion sewing skills. I've got a set of 4 dining chairs. r/upholstery. No webbing. Reply reply May 28, 2020 · Begino 30 Pcs Metal End Clips for Rubber Webbing, 1/2 * 2"" Replacement Upholstery Furniture Webbing End Clips for Sofa Chair Furniture with Screws 5 offers from $4152 $ 41 52 CL-Link 50 * 13mm Webbings Clips Metal Ends for Chair Webbing Upholstery Repair for Sofa Chair Furniture (30 PCS+ 30 Screws) Houseables Upholstery Webbing, Chair Webbing, Elastic Webbing, 2 Inch, 40 FT Roll, Furniture Webbing, Upholstery Webbing for Chairs, Lawn Chair Webbing, Webbing for Lawn Chairs, Replacement, Repair 4. Then burlap, and then I would do a rolled edge around the outside and a layer of rubberized hair under the foam since there’s so much space between the springs on the outside, Plus the rubberized hair will protect the foam from the ends of the springs/clips. I learned from a traditional upholstery master who, for 55 years, traveled with a small tool box with all the tools he ever needed. I have the opposite question, can I replace a couch webbing with springs. Posted by u/40high - 3 votes and 1 comment Posted by u/dasubermensch83 - 1 vote and 5 comments Thank you! Overall my takeaway ended up being that for future furniture (new or repaired) I may lean towards webbing over springs. So, I’m trying to build a couch. Possibly coils, but that would fall in with the tying issue. A webbing stretcher is specifically designed to add tension to webbing. It’s a low flat modern style couch and when I replaced the sagging webbing I found someone in the past didn’t know what they were doing, as they used black stripe backing webbing, and it was spaced too far apart. I did some light research, went and bought supplies (polyester webbing and a light-duty staple gun), and got to work with cavalier enthusiasm. I’m a weirdo maybe. It has hand tied springs supported by jute webbing. Also while you're under there you can check if the webbing or no sag springs need fixing too! I'd clean it once everything is finished the way you want. All of its ancient rubber webbing had stretched or snapped. I also avoided using the silicon spray they recommend as I don't think it would be good for the life of the rubber. 99 $ 9. Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home We purchased a crate and barrel sofa a few months ago. Help this diy-er with first time replacing furniture webbing, 90 degree clips, not fitting into slots. Flip the sofa over and remove the staples or tacks holding the old webbing in place. Upholstery is for good furniture worth upholstering, an heirloom, or custom furniture that is exactly the design you want so worth the extra cost of upholstery. 3 out of 5 stars 979 DUPDMKIN Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch 40ft 2. I will be reupholstering a Getama GE260 sofa and replace the original webbing, which is absolutely wasted, with Pirelli-webbing as it is what comes the closest to the old "Rotex" branded webbing. It is the mesh piece with rubber in the middle, and then a foam cushion on top. But memory foam is so incredibly soft and stays so soft that you're going to be sitting on wood within a week. HIGH QUALITY MATERIAL -- This set of elastic webbing bands is made of polyester and rubber latex thread, with strong elasticity and flexibility, good choice for your Sofa/Couch/Chair repair DIY sewing. I’m a hobbyist woodworker/furniture builder (tables, cabinets) but have no experience with upholstery or creating upholstered furniture. Remove all the webbing and start from scratch? Add a couple new pieces, weave them through the existing webbing? Or reweb over the existing? Due to the clips I don't think I can tighten the existing webbing. Get it as soon as Thursday Sep 4, 2017 · House2Home Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture, Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch Supports for Sagging Cushions, 3 Inch Wide by 40 Foot Roll 70% Stretch Elastic Chair Webbing Replacement House2Home 24" x 6 ft. Nylon or plastic based webbing is ideal for outdoor use. It's really easy to install (get this tool; make your life easier) and should result in a nice, taut surface with enough give to provide a comfortable, flat-surfaced seat that won't sag. Aug 6, 2023 · The webbing strap is perfect to be used on lawn chairs, wicker patio chairs, couches, sofas, or other upholstery furniture, to fix your sagging cushions and retrofit your couches ; The Webbing Band runs of 2 inches Wide and 32 Foot Long, it is the volume to do some DIY webbing project or upholstery repair. There are metal "repair" clips that screw onto the side of the wood frame so you do not need to take the upholstery apart to access the top of the wood frame. Members Online • iamfranko123. It's correct having the webbing on bottom- it's what's supporting the springs. This set of elastic furniture webbing band is made of polyester and rubber latex thread, with strong elasticity and flexibility, good choice for your sofa,couch and hair repair DIY sewing. Traditional webbing is made from jute fiber, so is for indoor use only, as it's not water or mold proof. The Article sofa is weak and wobbly and the cushions look so messy vs the Kavuus which is so so solid. We supply replacement ERCOL WEBBING STRAPS by the set, chairs/footstools from £63, Daybed/Studio Couch £200, Settees from £165, Pirelli rubber webbing from £4. Good stretch,elastic couch webbing for stapling on wooden structures, suitable for chairs, armchairs, sofas, armchairs etc If the sofa fabric is still in good shape and you like it. You can replace the sofa elastic webbing by removing the cushions, then remove the damaged webbing by removing its clip. I've removed some staples from the fabric at the bottom that hides the insides and I can see the webbing. These are simple relatively new chairs, from like Crate and Barrel, or similar. Types of webbing For your upholstery webbing needs, we are delighted to offer a selection of jute webbing, rubber webbing, upholstery webbing, and accessories to suit a wide variety of projects. It's not a high quality piece of furniture as far as I can tell, I know replacing the webbing is best for long term but I'm looking for an easy, short term DIY fix. I would buy some more webbing and staple or tack it as close to the top as you can get from the inside. You will need a tufting needle and tufting twine though. 99. 99 Get it as soon as Friday, February 7 Carkio 2-inch Wide Sofa Elastic Webbing Elasbelt Stretch Latex Band Upholstery Furniture Sofa Chair Repair DIY Modification (42 Foot) $32. I’ve built an exposed wooden frame for the couch, and plan to use coiled springs as the suspension for cushions. Same with the down. 49 Get it by Tuesday, Feb 25 Jul 27, 2021 · House2Home Metal End Clips for Rubber Webbing, Upholstery Repair for Sofa Chair Furniture, Includes Instructions (40 Pack) $16. Cut new webbing strips to the correct length. Any advice is greatly appreciated! Three piece green velvet sectional. Upholstery Webbing Chair Couch Material Replacement,Elastic Webbing Latex Band, Stretchy Spring Alternative, Furniture Repair DIY Elasbelt 2" Wide (10m/32ft) Looks like you could use webbing and tack on the upholstery. For background, this is a three-cushion couch from maybe the 60s that I’m replacing the webbing on. 46 Hey r/upholstery! Quick question for those of you who work with elastic webbing: how much vertical deflection should be expected for webbing that is stretched over a ~30"x72" frame? My wife and I are building a sofa for our living room, and decided to use elastic webbing. I have these 2 chairs with pirelli rubber webbing that has long since worn out and I'm trying to find a replacement for it. 3 out of 5 stars 927 Amazon. com: NATGAI Sofa Elastic Webbing, 40ft x 3inch Chair Webbing, Stretch Latex Band for Furniture Repair DIY, Upholstery Webbing Material Replacement, Stretchy Spring Alternative (5 Stripes) : Home & Kitchen Posted by u/BlueberryGirl95 - 1 vote and no comments Quantity per Roll : -- 2” wide x 20 feet long. Chair Upholstery & Sofa Upholstery. I would recommend using 5/8” staples. Put the "repair" clip on the S spring and screw it into the side of the wood frame. I did the chair in elastic first but didn’t have the webbing stretcher tool and when I sat in it I almost hit the floor because I couldn’t get it tight It currently has green elastic webbing so I'm going to replace it with the same kind of webbing. Down in sofa cushions is also a thicker quantity and density. The frame is essentially the bottom half of my sofa. I would also check the quality of the webbing. With all the will in the world, one person with two hands cannot hold the webbing tight enough and hammer in tacks at the same time. I was considering jute for a bit as it might be a bit studier since it doesn't stretch. 8 Inches Furniture Repair Kit for DIY and Furniture Modification (5 Stripes) 5. 8 Inches Furniture Repair Kit for DIY and Furniture Modification (5 Stripes) 4 $27. But unsure where to start on this one. I am very handy, and have even done some upholstery. The main thing is to find a way to stretch the webbing tight over the frame before stapling. Re: books, the one I started with is Amanda Brown's Spruce. Just search for tufting, or replacing upholstery buttons. WIDER than most product allowing you to cover more chair with less work. 0 out of 5 stars 4 1 offer from $2699 $ 26 99 You want the webbing to be firm enough for comfortable seating yet flexible enough not to break under pressure. Fabric is wrapped around plywood plates, so that's a major difference there from OP. Only then did I properly realise that the upper face of the frame which the webbing was attached to is inaccessible without removing the pleather upholstery. There are cheap upholsters, but they’ll just use cheap materials (Foam, staples, etc) or if you had the foam and fabric, upholster right over the old stuff (gross). 5 out of 5 stars 77 Jun 22, 2021 · The cushions need to have a strong platform of webbing under them ; House2Home upholstery webbing strap can be used on many different types of seating from lawn furniture and wicker patio chairs to dining chairs and sofa repair ; At 10% stretch, this webbing is intended to be used on the seat portion of the furniture. Hideous orange floral canvas I insist on changing out, and would like to replace the old cushioning while I'm at it. It is a wood framed couch with metal slats and springs underneath, that originally had box cushions. This sub is for tool enthusiasts worldwide to talk about tools, professionals and hobbyists alike. Also make sure you get the red webbing, as other types are for other applications and therefore may not be as durable in a seating application. I have an antique sofa with curved frame pieces. Cushioning is thin. Nov 26, 2011 · I have been asked to reweb a set of contemporary furniture (chair, "ottoman", sofa). Each roll is made from professional-grade elastic that is sturdy and designed for medium-to-high traffic Jun 13, 2020 · Amazon. I enjoy the firm feel. The webbing below the springs was secured with tacks which are falling out, and the webbing itself is not in good condition. The webbing will only go on the seat and is attached by narrow staples/clamps. Houseables Upholstery Webbing, Chair Webbing, Elastic Webbing, 2 Inch, 40 FT Roll, Furniture Webbing, Upholstery Webbing for Chairs, Lawn Chair Webbing, Webbing for Lawn Chairs, Replacement, Repair 4. You can also buy new clips in packs of 20 that you use to attach to the webbing and then hammer into your chair slots. Best way to repair? Can I replace the rubber piece? House2Home Webbing for Lawn Chairs and Furniture, Upholstery Webbing to Repair Couch Supports for Sagging Cushions, 3 Inch Wide by 60 Foot Roll 10% Stretch Elastic Chair Webbing Replacement 4. Remove Old Webbing. And when I say chair I usually mean la z boys. It has a wood frame and the foam thickness would be 4 inches. I flipped the sofa over, removed the legs, and cut out the rubber webbing from underneath without thinking through every step of the repair. Will vary with what fabric, replacing foam, welt or double welt, etc. Though, at the same time, I've done a lot of furniture where it was clear they had never flipped the cushion even once. Posted by u/Axtor - 2 votes and 2 comments The upholstery needs to be redone every 10 years but the furniture itself can be repaired, including tightening springs and renewing cushions. 32ft Premium Heavy-Duty Elastic Webbing Straps for Sofa and Chair Repair, Durable Stretchy Upholstery Roll with High-Tensile Strength and Reinforced Edges (32ft Webbing) 4. Is there a way to protect fabric furniture from in damage when they’re in a conservatory. SUPER GOOD QUALITY-Our goal is to provide the best sofa chair elastic webbing on Amazon. This is my first upholstery project, I'm a complete newbie at this. It is our main couch so we're on it daily and the back cushions are already fully collapsing, lumpy and uncomfortable. It has Pirelli rubber webbing and they're all old, dry, and there is no support left in the "webbing" strips. You'll also need the edge clips. Upholstery Webbing Chair Couch Material Replacement,Elastic Webbing Latex Band, Stretchy Spring Alternative, Furniture Repair DIY Elasbelt 2" Wide (10m/32ft) 4. We also have an Article sofa and honestly they don’t compare. 59 $ 27 . I’m replacing or maybe getting reupholstered a settee that is inside a conservatory and the sun is just killing the fabric of anything that goes in there. You need high resiliency foam. 3 pounds. Help This wicker loveseat was a $25 CL find from over 15 yrs ago. Mostly it comes down to the style/design of the furniture you're wanting. Is there any easy way to tell what's failing? String, coils, webbing, or any combination. There will, in all probability, be a list of suggested supplies down a bit further on the product page. Since you aren't replacing the webbing or stuffing, this won't be as hard as it could be, but I would just browse YouTube and see what works with your comfort level. I'd like to replace them, I'm looking at dacron-wrapped duraflex foam. you can see some of them starting to twist a little. I don't think there is/was enough webbing. Reupholster Antique Chair. This video doesn't even use a webbing stretcher and just puts new webbing right over the old stuff. The update: I did manage to get the springs installed, but after doing a cost/benefit analysis on the remaining time and energy I had left, I'm taking the L on salvaging this guy and looking for alternative resting options. So this type chair will be around 600-800. Elsewhere I've seen it recommended as a rule of thumb, you replace the previously used material. For the life of me I can't work google good enough to figure out what it is. RESTORE YOUR OLD FURNITURE -- Each roll provides you with 40 feet of Jun 11, 2011 · Contrary to the advice in the Skiddaw leaflet it's better to fit the short webs first as the long ones are easier to stretch. Springs on bottom are popping out due to torn webbing and I have bought replacement jute webbing. Style is sort of like a Louis XV reproduction from the 1950s. The net weight of this 70 feet roll is above 4. You can also staple a tight weave fabric to replace the corrugated board. this is what the sofa looks like straps are a scant 2" and hooks just a bit wider this is what they look like under the seat I’m in the middle of tackling my first upholstery project by replacing the webbing in our chairs, but now that I need to buy more webbing, I’m worried I made the wrong choice and my webbing on the first two chairs is too weak. We've been using it like this for too long now and can't afford to replace it right now. Do you need cushion foam, furniture foam, furniture upholstery repair or sofa cushion repair? Our skilled upholsterers combine decades of experience to make us Seattle's preferred upholstery shop for restoring furniture. Its stuffed differently. 74. It makes everything last longer. You can re web over top of existing webbing. So my google-fu has run out on this project, although I have stumbled across quite a bit of new information. Apr 13, 2023 · Amazon. I would wake them to use the existing covers make new zippers, new foam and batting in them and fix your springs. But it was attached to the wooden frame edges around the couch. Durapad Insulator for Upholstery Spring Cover | Padding Installs Between Springs and Seat Decking of Sofa, Couch, Loveseat, Chair Don't worry about it, I'm happy to help people when I can. Then fine. 00, and you should have enough to do four chairs with it. It also is not a normal size, it’s larger than a king. Over time, they can stretch or break. Still, I want to try. If you want your sofa to be done in 3 months. Before I knew what pirelli webbing was, I ordered some heavy jute straps off of Amazon. Don't toss a favorite sofa or chair because it looks a little It's not springs and it's not webbing. Would this be enough? Does it also need to go vertically? The webbing will be covered in a thin foam and batting, and will also be upholstered, so it's not going to be the only material to make up the back of the chair. 46 $ 31 . Old sofas are great for lasting. It might not be needed to replace all of it, sometimes only 1 or 2 bands need replacing. Take care! You have a good evening also. yqdrg gttepz nzpd juh cvpdf vgnbg ftpk dqqruj gra lhsgp deh aukk reqphgja okrehmc tjfbx